These nonwords were preceded by Greek or Greeklish repetition or unrelated nonword primes. A set of 200 pronounceable Greek nonwords (e.g., παδέμο) was also created. On a 1-to-7 scale (7 representing the “best” Greeklish transcription), the Greeklish transcriptions were rated at 6.9. Moreover, ratings on whether each Greeklish transcription was considered the preferred Greeklish version of the target were collected by 20 Greeklish users who did not participate in the experiment. Greeklish transcriptions had been used on average more than 300 times, suggesting that they were uniformly accepted as valid Greeklish items. Furthermore, in order to confirm the extensive use of the Greeklish version of the Greek words, we computed the number of times each precise Greeklish word form had been used in a Greeklish-to-Greek online translator (Chalamandaris, Protopapas, Tsiakoulis, & Raptis, 2006). Greek base words used in the unrelated (Greek and Greeklish) conditions were matched as closely as possible to the targets (see Table 2 Greek targets (e.g., σοκάκι ) were preceded by masked primes that were (1) the same as their Greek target (e.g., σοκάκι), (2) the Greeklish transcription of the target (e.g., sokaki), (3) an unrelated Greek word (e.g., δάπεδο ), or (4) the Greeklish version of the unrelated word (e.g., dapedo). The position of the graphemic overlap varied across the prime and target strings. The mean similarity score for the pairs was 4.2. We further corroborated that the strings were graphemically similar at the coarse-grained level by asking another 32 Spanish readers to rate the Greeklish–Greek pairs on a 1-to-5 scale (5 referring to highly similar). The selected Greeklish–Greek repetitions had 70% and 92% overlapping graphemes and phonemes, respectively, as measured at the fine-grained level of individual characters. We considered as overlapping those graphemes that were indicated to be visually similar by at least 70% of the sample (i.e., α–a, ε–e, ι–i, ο–o, τ–t, κ–k, χ–x, ω–w). To identify the overlapping graphemes, 20 Spanish college students without any knowledge of the Greek alphabet were asked to indicate which of the Greek lowercase letters could be perceived as known Roman letters. These Greek–Greeklish pairs were transcriptions (not transliterations), given their extensive graphemic and phonemic overlap, measured as the number of visually close or undistinguishable graphemes and the number of shared phonemes.
MaterialsA total of 200 five- and six-letter Greek target words were taken from the GreekLex database (Ktori, van Heuven, & Pitchford, 2008), and their Greeklish correspondences were obtained.
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